Surgery

Surgery focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, injuries, and structural abnormalities through operative and procedural interventions. It spans a wide range of subspecialties—including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery, plastic and reconstructive surgery, and surgical oncology—each addressing specific organ systems or clinical problems. The field integrates anatomy, physiology, pathology, imaging, and perioperative care to restore function, remove diseased tissue, repair injury, and improve quality of life. Advances in minimally invasive techniques, robotics, imaging-guided procedures, and perioperative management continue to expand surgical precision, safety, and outcomes across diverse patient populations.