Pharmacology

Pharmacology investigates how drugs interact with biological systems—how they are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated, and how they produce therapeutic or harmful effects. The field spans molecular mechanisms of action, drug–receptor interactions, dose–response relationships, and variability in patient responses. It underpins the entire drug-development process, from discovery and preclinical testing to clinical trials and post-marketing safety evaluation. By integrating chemistry, physiology, molecular biology, and clinical science, pharmacology drives the creation of safer, more effective treatments across all areas of medicine and informs evidence-based therapeutic decision-making.