Immunology

Immunology investigates how the body detects, responds to, and remembers threats such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and cancer cells. It examines the cells, receptors, and signaling pathways that form both the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the mechanisms that maintain tolerance to the body’s own tissues. The field encompasses host–pathogen interactions, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergies, immunodeficiencies, vaccines, and immunotherapies. By integrating molecular biology, genetics, and clinical science, immunology drives advances that improve disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment across nearly all areas of medicine.