Cardiology

Cardiology studies the structure, function, and diseases of the heart and circulatory system. It examines how the heart generates and regulates blood flow, how vessels respond to mechanical and metabolic stresses, and how disruptions in these processes lead to conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, hypertension, and valvular disorders. Integrating physiology, imaging, molecular biology, and clinical practice, the field drives innovations in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment—from lipid-lowering therapies and electrophysiology to advanced cardiac imaging and minimally invasive interventions. Cardiology remains central to global health, given the persistent burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide.