Immunology

Immunology examines the mechanisms by which organisms defend themselves against pathogens and maintain internal balance. It focuses on the cells, molecules, and signaling pathways that detect danger, eliminate threats, and build long-term immune memory. The field spans innate and adaptive immunity, host–pathogen interactions, autoimmune disorders, allergies, inflammation, vaccines, and immunotherapies. As a rapidly advancing discipline, immunology underpins modern medical breakthroughs—from cancer immunotherapy to next-generation vaccines—and provides critical insights into how the body protects itself and sometimes turns against its own tissues.