Ecology

Ecology studies how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment, from the scale of individual species to entire ecosystems. It examines patterns of distribution, abundance, energy flow, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, and the complex networks that sustain life on Earth. The field connects biological processes with environmental change, offering essential insights into biodiversity loss, climate impacts, conservation strategies, and ecosystem resilience. Advances in ecology help guide sustainable management of natural resources and inform global responses to environmental challenges.